FFF Findings
| Finding (Standard Link) | Definition & Comment | Diagnosis | Struct | Mod | Category | Faces / Cases (Links) | Art / Music (Links) | Case Example (Link) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Air Bronchogram | Definition: Air-filled bronchi visible against opacity. | Comment: Alveolar filling (patent airways). | Pneumonia, Edema | Bronchi | CXR/CT | Sign | Faces of Air Bronchograms | Art of Broncho-vascular Bundle | 135190 |
| Air Trapping | Definition: Retention of air on expiration. | Comment: Bronchiolar obstruction. Mosaic attenuation on expiratory CT. | Asthma, Bronchiolitis | Lobule | CT | Physiologic | Faces of Air Trapping | Art | 136050.00 |
| Airspace Opacity | Definition: Increased attenuation in alveoli. | Comment: Alveolar filling (pus, fluid, blood). | Pneumonia, Edema | Alveoli | CXR/CT | Descriptive | Faces of Alveolar Infiltrates | Art of Alveolus
Music |
136430 |
| Aneurysm Aorta (See Aorta) | Definition: Dilation of aorta >50% normal diameter. | Atherosclerosis, CTD | Aorta | CT | Vascular | Art
Music |
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| Aneurysm Bronchial Artery | Definition: Dilation of bronchial artery. | Comment: Often associated with bronchiectasis/chronic inflammation. Risk of massive hemoptysis. | CF, TB | Bronchial Artery | CT | Vascular | Cases of Bronchial Artery Aneurysm | Art
Music |
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| Aneurysms of the Heart (See Heart) | Definition: Dilation/bulging of cardiac chamber. | MI, Congenital | Heart | CT/MRI | Cardiac | Art
Music |
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| Aneurysm Pulmonary Artery | Definition: Focal dilation of pulmonary artery. | Comment: Rare. Causes: Pulmonary Hypertension, Behcet’s, Hughes-Stovin. | PH, Vasculitis | PA | CT | Vascular | Art
Music |
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| Architectural Distortion | Definition: Distortion of bronchi/vessels. | Comment: Chronic fibrosis or traction. | UIP, Sarcoidosis | Interstitium | CT | Fibrotic | Faces of Architectural Distortion | Art
Music |
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| Atelectasis (General) | Definition: Collapse or volume loss. | Comment: Crowding of vessels/bronchi. | Obstruction, Compression | Lobe | CXR/CT | Mechanical | Faces of Atelectasis | Art of Atelectasis | Case 118467 (Game) |
| Atelectasis, Cicatricial | Definition: Irreversible volume loss from fibrosis. | Fibrosis (TB/Radiation) | Lobe | CT | Mechanical | Faces of Cicatrization Atelectasis | Art
Music |
Case 136598 |
| Atelectasis, Compressive | Definition: Collapse due to external mass effect. | Effusion, Tumor | Subpleural | CT | Mechanical | Faces of Compressive Atelectasis | Art
Music |
Case 315271 |
| Atelectasis, Linear | Definition: Thin linear subsegmental opacity. | Hypoventilation | Subpleural | CXR/CT | Mechanical | Faces of Linear/Discoid Atelectasis | Art
Music |
Case 136438 |
| Atelectasis, Obstructive | Definition: Resorptive collapse distal to obstruction. | Cancer, Mucus | Lobe | CT | Mechanical | Faces of Obstructive Atelectasis | Art
Music |
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| Atelectasis, Rounded | Definition: Mass-like fold with Comet Tail. | Asbestos | Subpleural | CT | Mechanical | Faces of Rounded Atelectasis | Art
Music |
Case 118433 |
| Azygos Fissure | Definition: Accessory fissure formed by azygos vein. | Normal variant | RUL Apex | CXR/CT | Normal | Art
Music |
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| Ball Valve Effect | Definition: Mechanism where air enters distal to an obstruction but cannot exit. | Comment: Leads to hyperinflation or tension phenomena. | Foreign Body, Pneumothorax | Airway / Pleura | CXR/CT | Mechanical | Faces of Ball Valve Effect | Art
Music |
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| Batwing Sign | Definition: Bilateral perihilar opacities. | Comment: Alveolar pulmonary edema (CHF). | CHF | Perihilar | CXR | Sign | Faces of CHF | Art of CHF | Case 135190 (Game) |
| Bronchial Stenosis | Definition: Focal or diffuse narrowing of the bronchial lumen. | Comment: Can be benign (TB, transplant) or malignant. | TB, Tumor, GPA | Bronchi | CT | Mechanical | Faces of Bronchial Stenosis | Art
Music |
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| Bronchial Wall Thickening | Definition: Thickened walls (“Tram-tracking”). | Bronchitis | Bronchi | CT | Inflam | Faces of Bronchial Wall Thickening | Art
Music |
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| Bronchiectasis | Definition: Irreversible dilation. | Comment: Cylindrical, Varicoid, Cystic. | CF, Infection | Bronchi | CT | Airway | Faces of Bronchiectasis | Art | Case 224Lu (CF) |
| Bronchiectasis, Traction | Definition: Dilation due to surrounding fibrosis. | ILD | Bronchi | CT | Fibrotic | Faces of Traction Bronchiectasis | Art
Music |
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| Bronchiolectasis (Traction) | Definition: Irreversible dilation of bronchioles due to surrounding fibrosis. | Comment: Hallmark sign of pulmonary fibrosis (UIP, NSIP). | Fibrotic Traction | Bronchioles | CT | Mechanical | Faces of Bronchiolectasis | Art
Music |
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| Bronchiolitis (Pattern) | Definition: Inflammation of the bronchioles (<2mm airways). | Comment: Spectrum of disease from infection (Tree-in-bud) to fibrosis/airway disease (Mosaicism). | RSV, RB-ILD, HP | Bronchioles | CT | Inflam/Infection | Faces of Bronchiolitis | Art
Music |
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| Bronchopleural Fistula (BPF) | Definition: Abnormal communication between the bronchus and pleural space. | Comment: Complication of pneumonectomy or necrotizing pneumonia. | Post-op, Empyema | Bronchus/Pleura | CT | Mechanical | Art
Music |
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| Bullous Disease | Definition: Airspace >1cm, thin wall. | Emphysema | Parenchyma | CT | Structural | Faces of Bullous Lung Disease | Art
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Case 102Lu (Masquerade) |
| Calcified Nodule | Definition: Dense calcification in nodule. | Granuloma | Parenchyma | CT | Benign | Faces of Calcified Nodules | Art
Music |
Case 174Lu (TB Granuloma) |
| Cavitation | Definition: Gas-filled space within mass. | Comment: Necrosis. | TB, Cancer | CT | Pathology | Faces of Cavitating Masses | Art | Case 029Lu (TB) | |
| Centrilobular Nodules | Definition: Nodules in center of lobule. | Comment: Bronchiolar disease. | Bronchiolitis | CT | Pattern | Faces of Centrilobular Nodules | Art | Case 133Lu | |
| Consolidation | Definition: Increased attenuation obscuring vessels. | Comment: Alveolar filling. | Pneumonia | CXR/CT | Pattern | Faces of Consolidation | Art | Case 136560 | |
| Crazy Paving | Definition: GGO + Septal thickening. | PAP, Edema | CT | Pattern | Faces of Crazy Paving | Art
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Case 027Lu (ARDS) | |
| Crescent Sign | Definition: Air crescent around mycetoma. | Aspergillosis | CT | Sign | Cases of Air Crescent Sign | Art | 20760c | |
| Cystic Lung Disease | Definition: Round, thin-walled air spaces. | LAM, LIP | CT | Structural | Faces of Cystic Lung Disease | Art of CystsMusic of Lung Cyst | Case 015Lu (LCH) | |
| Emphysema (General) | Definition: Acinar destruction. | COPD | CT | Structural | Faces of Emphysema | Art | Case 035Lu | |
| Encasement Arteries | Definition: Circumferential soft tissue surrounding artery. | Comment: Often seen in hilar malignancy or fibrosis. | Lung Cancer, Fibrosis | PA / Vessels | CT | Vascular | Art
Music |
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| Encasement Bronchi | Definition: Circumferential soft tissue surrounding airway. | Comment: Peribronchial cuffing. | Lung Cancer, Sarcoid | Bronchi | CT | Airway | Art
Music |
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| Finger-in-Glove | Definition: Tubular branching opacities. | ABPA | CT | Sign | Faces of Finger-in-Glove | Art | Case 224Lu (CF) | |
| Ground-Glass Opacity | Definition: Hazy attenuation; vessels visible. | Active Disease | CT | Pattern | Faces of GGO | Art of Ground Glass | Case 026Lu (Sarcoid) | |
| Halo Sign | Definition: GGO rim around nodule. | Aspergillosis | CT | Sign | Faces of Halo Sign | Art | Case 094Lu (Candida) | |
| Honeycombing | Definition: Clustered thick-walled cysts. | UIP / IPF | CT | Pattern | Faces of UIP / Honeycombing | Art of Honeycomb / Lobule | Case 083Lu | |
| Kerley B Lines | Definition: Short horizontal lines at lung bases. | CHF, Edema | CXR | Sign | Faces of Interlobular Septa (CXR) | Art | Case 134488 | |
| Lymphadenopathy | Definition: Enlarged lymph nodes. | TB, Sarcoid | CT | Pathology | 1. Faces of Lymph Nodes 2. Case 049Lu (Scrofula) |
Art of Lymphatics | ||
| Miliary Pattern | Definition: Innumerable tiny random nodules. | TB, Mets | CXR/CT | Pattern | Faces of Miliary Disease | Art
Music |
Case 265Lu (Miliary TB) | |
| Mosaic Attenuation | Definition: Patchwork of densities. | HP, PE | CT | Pattern | Faces of Mosaic Attenuation | Art | Case 082Lu | |
| Mucoid Impaction | Definition: Mucus filling dilated airways. | ABPA, CF | CT | Airway | Faces of Mucoid Impaction | Art | Case 31966 | |
| Nodule, Micronodule | Definition: Rounded opacity <3 mm. | TB, Sarcoid | CT | Pattern | Faces of Micronodules | Art of Nodules | Case 149Lu (Sarcoid) | |
| Obstruction Bronchi | Definition: Blockage of bronchial lumen leading to atelectasis or air trapping. | Tumor, FB, Mucus | Bronchi | CT/Bronch | Mechanical | Art
Music |
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| Obstruction Trachea | Definition: Narrowing or blockage of tracheal lumen. | Comment: Stridor often present. | Thyroid, Tumor | Trachea | CT | Mechanical | Art
Music |
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| Pleural Effusion | Definition: Fluid in pleural space. | CHF, Pneumonia | CXR/US | Pathology | Faces of Pleural Effusion | Art | Case 187Lu (Loculated) | |
| Pneumothorax | Definition: Air in pleural space. | Trauma | CXR | Mechanical | Faces of Pneumothorax | Art
Music |
Case 099Lu (Tension) | |
| Thickening Bronchi | Definition: Increased wall thickness. | Comment: Sign of inflammation or edema. | Bronchitis, Asthma | Bronchi | CT | Inflam | Faces of Bronchial Wall Thickening | Art
Music |
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| Thickening Trachea | Definition: Diffuse or focal wall thickening >3mm. | Comment: Sparing of posterior membrane is a clue (Polychondritis). | Amyloid, GPA | Trachea | CT | Inflam | Art
Music |
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| Tree-in-Bud | Definition: Centrilobular branching opacities. | Infection | CT | Sign | Faces of Tree-in-Bud | Art | Case 133Lu | |
| White Out | Definition: Complete opacification of hemithorax. | Effusion/Collapse | CXR | Sign | Faces of White Out Case 269Lu |
Art
Music |
Case 136700 White Out (Game) | |
| Westermark Sign | Definition: Focal oligemia (lucency) distal to occluded PA. | Pulmonary Embolism | CXR | Sign | Art
Music |
Family of Calcifications
000 Calcifications in the Lung
| Disease / Diagnosis (Standard Link) | Grouped Category | Alternative Names | Definition & Comment | Imaging Features | Structure | Category | Faces & Cases | Art & Music | Case / Game Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calcifications (Overview) | General | Pulmonary Calcification | Definition: Deposition of calcium salts in lung tissue. Comment: Dystrophic (damaged tissue) vs. Metastatic (high calcium levels). Pattern is key to diagnosis. |
• High attenuation (>100 HU) • Bone density opacity |
Variable | Finding | Faces of Calcification | ||
| I. Parenchymal Calcifications | |||||||||
| Miliary Calcifications | Parenchymal (Diffuse) | Disseminated Calcification | Definition: Innumerable tiny calcified nodules scattered throughout the lungs. Comment: Causes: Healed Varicella (Chickenpox), Histoplasmosis, or Metastatic Calcification (Renal Failure). |
• Diffuse punctate calcifications • “Sandstorm” appearance (Microlithiasis) |
Parenchyma | Infection / Metabolic | Faces of Calcified Nodules | ||
| Calcified Nodule (Granuloma) | Parenchymal (Benign) | Calcified Granuloma | Definition: Calcification of a healed infectious focus (TB, Histoplasmosis). Comment: The most common cause of calcified nodules. |
• Central: Target sign • Laminated: Onion-skin • Diffuse: Complete calcification |
Parenchyma | Infection (Healed) | Faces of Calcified Nodules | Case 174Lu | |
| Hamartoma | Parenchymal (Benign) | Pulmonary Hamartoma | Definition: Benign neoplasm of disorganized lung tissue (cartilage, fat, fibrotic tissue). Comment: Contains fat and characteristic calcification. |
• Popcorn calcification • Fat density (-40 to -120 HU) |
Parenchyma | Neoplasm (Benign) | Faces of Calcified Nodules | ||
| Calcified Mass (Malignant) | Parenchymal (Malignant) | Calcified Metastasis / Carcinoma | Definition: Calcification within a primary cancer or metastasis. Comment: Osteosarcoma (bone forming) and Mucinous Adenocarcinoma (dystrophic). |
• Stippled/Punctate: (Mucinous) • Amorphous/Cloud-like: (Osteosarcoma) • Eccentric: (Carcinoma) |
Parenchyma | Neoplasm (Malignant) | Faces of Calcified Masses | ||
| Calcification, Interlobular Septa | Interstitial | Dendriform Ossification | Definition: Calcification occurring along the lymphatic/septal scaffolding. Comment: Rare. Seen in Pulmonary Alveolar Microlithiasis or chronic venous stasis (ossification). |
• Linear calcifications (septal) • Branching (dendriform) pattern |
Interstitium | Metabolic / Fibrotic | Faces of Calcifications Interlobular Septa | ||
| II. Lymph Node Calcifications | |||||||||
| Calcified Lymph Nodes | Nodal | – | Definition: Calcification of hilar or mediastinal nodes due to prior infection or exposure. Comment: Granulomatous (TB/Histo) is most common. |
• Amorphous/Popcorn: Old Granulomatous • Eggshell: Silicosis/Sarcoidosis (Peripheral rim) • Stippled: Treated Lymphoma |
Lymph Nodes | Infection / Occupational | |||
| III. Pleural Calcifications | |||||||||
| Calcified Pleural Plaques | Pleural (Bilateral) | Asbestos Plaques | Definition: Focal calcified fibrosis of the parietal pleura due to asbestos exposure. Comment: Hallmark of asbestos exposure; usually bilateral. |
• Bilateral discontinuous plaques • “Holly leaf” pattern • Spares costophrenic angles |
Pleura (Parietal) | Occupational | Faces of Calcified Pleura | ||
| Calcified Fibrothorax | Pleural (Isolated) | Calcified Empyema / Hemothorax | Definition: Calcification of a thickened pleural rind following old infection (TB) or trauma. Comment: Often unilateral; restricts lung expansion. |
• Isolated/Unilateral • Continuous sheet-like calcification • Encases the lung (Volume loss) |
Pleura (Visceral) | Fibrotic | Faces of Calcified Pleura | ||
| IV. Heart & Mediastinum | |||||||||
| Heart Valve Calcification | Cardiac | Valvular Sclerosis | Definition: Dystrophic calcification of cardiac valves. Comment: Common in elderly (Aortic/Mitral annulus). |
• Curvilinear or nodular calcium • Location: Aortic or Mitral valve plane |
Heart | Degenerative | |||
| Pericardial Calcification | Cardiac | Calcified Pericardium | Definition: Calcification of the pericardial sac. Comment: Associated with Constrictive Pericarditis (TB, Viral, Radiation). |
• Thickened, calcified pericardial rim • Often typically anterior/inferior |
Pericardium | Inflammatory | |||