Multiorgan Fx Normal and Diseases Dx Normal and Diseases Navigation Map

<
<

Multiorgan


1)Applied Anatomy

Other

  1.  CNS
    1. Brain
    2. Spinal Cord
  2.  Endocrine
    1. Pituitary
    2. Thyroid
        1. Stepping Up 
    3. Parathyroid
    4. Adrenals
  3. CVS
    1. Cardiac
      1. Heart
        1. Findings
        2. Diagnosis
          1. Cardiomyopathy Post Partum and and PE
    2. Vascular System
      1. Arterial
        1. Aorta
        2. Arteries
      2.  SVCVenous System
      3. IVC
      4. Veins
  4. RS
    1. Word First Map 
    2. Image First Map
    3. Lungs
      1. Anatomy
        1. Applied Anatomy
      2. Disease
        1. Findings
          1. ASPIRATION
            1. WF
              1. Aspiration (CT)
              2. Aspiration RUL CT
            2. Med
              1. Aspiration Micronodules CT
              2. Aspiration Pneumonia CT
            3. VG Art med
              1. Art Aspiration
          2. ARCHIETECTURAL DISTORTION
            1. WF
              1. Architectural Distortion 
            2. Med
              1. Architectural Distorion CT
            3. VG Art Med
          3. ATELECTASIS
            1. WF
              1. Compressive Atelectasis (CT)
              2. Rounded Atelectasis (CT)
            2. VG Med
              1. Atelectasis Linear (Discoid )
              2. Atelectasis Rounded Atelectasis 
              3. Atelectasis Secondary to Aspiration (CT)
              4. Atelectasis Total Lung CXR 
              5. Atelectasis Total Lung Tension Hydrothorax
              6. Atelectasis Cicatricial Scleroderma CT
            3. VG Art Med
              1. Art Discoid Atelectasis 
          4. BRONCHIECTASIS
            1. Med
              1. Traction Bronchiectasis  fibrotic NSIP 
            2. Art Med
              1. Traction Bronchiectasis NSIP
          5.  CONSOLIDATION
            1. WF
              1. Consolidation Bibasilar CXR
            2. VG Med
              1. Consolidation RML CXR
              2. Consolidation Lingula CXR
            3. VG Art Med
              1. CXR
          6. CRAZY PAVING
            1. WF VG Med
            2. MVG Med
              1. Crazy Paving
            3. VG Art Med
          7. EFFUSION see Pleural Effusion
          8. FINGER IN GLOVE
            1. WF VG Med
            2. VG Med
              1. Finger in Glove
            3. VG Art Med
              1. Finger in Glove Art
          9. GGO
            1. WF VG Med
            2. VG Med
            3. VG Art Med
          10. Opacity
            1. WF VG Med DDxOpacity Likely Aspiration RUL Posterior Segment
            2. VG Med
            3. VG Art Med
          11. PLEURAL EFFUSION
            1. Tension Hydrothorax  Malignant Effusion (CT)
          12. SILHOUETTE SIGN
            1. WF VG Med
              1. Silhouette Sign  Lingula CXR
            2. VG Med
              1. Silhouette Sign Lingula CXR
            3. VG Art Med
            4.  
            5. Consolidation Lingula CXR
          1. WHITE OUT
            1. WF
            2. Med
              1. White Out Carcinoma and Atelectasis 
        2. Diagnosis
          1. ABPA CT
            1. Art  ABPA 
          2. Amiodarone Toxicity
          3.  ARDS CXR
          4. CARCINOMA
            1. Carcinoma with Lymphangitic Spread 
            2. Carcinoma with Tension Hydrothorax
            3. Adenocarcinoma
            4. Squamous
            5. Small Cell
              1. White Out  CXR 
              2. White Out
          5. ILD
            1. NSIP
              1. Cellular
              2. Fibrotic
                1. NSIP Fibrotic CT Cicatricial Atelectasasis 
          6. PE and Post Partum Cardiomyopathy 
          7. PNEUMONIA
            1. WF Med
            2. VG Med
            3. Pneumonia
          8. VG Art Med
        3. Modality
      2. Airways
    2. Pleura
  5. GI
    1. Glands
      1. Liver
        1. Applied Anatomy of the Liver
      2. Gallbladder
      3. Bile Ducts
      4. Pancreas
      5. Salivary Glands
    2. GI Tract
      1. Esophagus
      2. Stomach
      3. Small Bowel
      4. Colon
        1. Pneumatosis Coli
        2.  
  6. GU
    1. Urinary Sytem
      1.  Kidneys
        1. Ureters
      2. Bladder
    2. Genital System
      1. Female
        1.  Uterus
          1. Fallopian Tubes
        2. Ovaries
        3. Vagina
      2. Male
        1.  Testes
        2. Seminal Vesicles
          1. Vas Deferens
        3. Prostate
        4. Penis
  7. Lymphatic System
    1. Spleen
    2. Lymph  Nodes
    3. Lymphatics
  8. MSK
    1. Muscles
    2. Bones
  9. Skin
    1. Breast
    2. Skin
  10.  
  11.  
  12.  
  13.  
  14.  
  15.  
  16. Anatomy
  17. Disease
    1. Findings
    2. Diagnosis
    3. Modality
  18. WF VG Med
  19. VG Med
  20. VG Art Med
Links to the Visual Games
Adrenals
Aorta
Arteries
Bile Ducts
Bones and Joints
Brain
Breast
Colon
Ears
Esophagus
Eyes
Gallbladder
Heart
Kidneys
Liver
Lungs
Lymph Nodes and Lymphatics
Ovaries
Pancreas
Prostate
Small Bowel
Spinal Cord
Spleen
Stomach
Testes
Thyroid Gland
Uterus
Veins
  1.  

2. Findings and Diagnosis


Definition
The testes are paired male gonads located in the scrotum that function as both endocrine glands (producing testosterone) and exocrine glands (producing sperm), playing a vital role in reproduction and secondary sexual characteristics.
Aspect Details
Structure Paired ovoid glands enclosed in the tunica albuginea and suspended within the scrotum by the spermatic cord.
Function Produce spermatozoa and secrete androgens, primarily testosterone.
Common Diseases Testicular torsion, epididymitis, testicular cancer.
Diagnosis Physical exam, scrotal ultrasound with Doppler, serum tumor markers.
Treatment Depends on condition: surgical detorsion, antibiotics, orchiectomy, chemotherapy/radiation for malignancy.

3. Clinical


Page 4 – Clinical Diagnosis

Clinical Signs and Symptoms

Symptom Implication
Scrotal pain Torsion, epididymitis, trauma
Painless testicular mass Possible malignancy
Swelling Hydrocele, hernia, orchitis
Infertility Endocrine or ductal disorders
Gynecomastia Paraneoplastic syndrome or hormonal imbalance

Imaging Modalities

Modality Primary Use When/Why Used
Ultrasound with Doppler Evaluate vascularity, masses, and inflammation First-line imaging in acute or chronic symptoms
CT Chest/Abdomen/Pelvis Staging testicular cancer Detect metastasis to lungs, liver, retroperitoneum
MRI Further evaluation of complex mass Rare; problem-solving tool when US inconclusive

Laboratory Tests

Test Purpose Indication
Tumor markers (AFP, hCG, LDH) Diagnose and monitor testicular cancer Baseline before orchiectomy and during surveillance
Semen analysis Evaluate sperm count and motility Infertility assessment
Hormonal profile (FSH, LH, Testosterone) Evaluate endocrine function Delayed puberty, gynecomastia, infertility

Other Diagnostic Tools

Tool Use Indication
Scrotal exam Identify mass, torsion, hernia Key component of evaluation
Transillumination Distinguish cystic from solid Hydrocele vs. tumor
Genetic testing Evaluate for Y chromosome microdeletions Severe infertility

4. Historical and Cultural


Page 5 – History, Culture, and Art

1. History of Anatomy

Aspect Detail
Ancient understanding Recognized in ancient Egypt and Greece as essential for male fertility
Early dissection Galen and later Vesalius advanced understanding of reproductive anatomy

2. History of Physiology

Aspect Detail
Testicular function Established in 19th century with links to hormonal influence on male traits
Testosterone discovery Ernst Laqueur isolated testosterone in 1935, revolutionizing endocrinology

3. History of Diagnosis

Aspect Detail
Clinical exam Remained primary method before imaging era
Tumor markers AFP, hCG, and LDH revolutionized cancer detection and monitoring

4. History of Imaging

Aspect Detail
Scrotal ultrasound Became key tool in 1980s for torsion and mass evaluation
Doppler enhancement Enabled assessment of perfusion and real-time vascular status

5. History of Laboratory Testing

Aspect Detail
Tumor marker development Provided objective data for diagnosis and staging
Sperm analysis standardization World Health Organization formalized semen testing methods in the late 20th century

6. History of Therapies

Aspect Detail
Orchiectomy Performed since antiquity for disease and ritual
Chemotherapy advances Cisplatin-based protocols boosted testicular cancer survival to >95%
Fertility preservation Cryopreservation and sperm banking offered reproductive hope post-treatment

7. Cultural Meaning

Aspect Detail
Masculine symbolism Testes often depicted as emblems of strength, fertility, and manhood
Ritual significance Castration performed in various societies for religious, political, or cultural roles (e.g., eunuchs)

8. Artistic Representations

Aspect Detail
Classical sculpture Greek and Roman art idealized male genitalia as part of aesthetic anatomy
Satirical depictions Testes used symbolically in caricatures and visual puns in Renaissance and modern works

9. Notable Figures

Figure Contribution
Lance Armstrong Publicly survived testicular cancer, increasing global awareness
Ernst Laqueur First to isolate and name testosterone, foundational for male endocrinology

10. Quotes

Quote Source
“The manly part of man is his seed.” Galen
“What matters is not how the testes appear, but what they produce.” Medical aphorism

 

5. MCQs


Page 6 – MCQs

Basic Science MCQ 1

Question:
Which of the following structures is directly responsible for testosterone production in the testes?
A. Sertoli cells
B. Epididymis
C. Leydig cells
D. Rete testis

Correct Answer Table

Answer Explanation
C. Leydig cells Leydig cells, located in the interstitial tissue between seminiferous tubules, produce testosterone under LH stimulation.

Incorrect Answer Table

Option Reason Incorrect
A. Sertoli cells Support spermatogenesis and form the blood-testis barrier; do not produce testosterone.
B. Epididymis Stores and matures sperm but does not produce hormones.
D. Rete testis A network of ducts aiding sperm transport; no endocrine function.

Basic Science MCQ 2

Question:
Which embryologic structure gives rise to the testes?
A. Mesonephric duct
B. Paramesonephric duct
C. Genital ridge
D. Cloacal membrane

Correct Answer Table

Answer Explanation
C. Genital ridge The testes originate from the genital ridge under the influence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome.

Incorrect Answer Table

Option Reason Incorrect
A. Mesonephric duct Forms epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles.
B. Paramesonephric duct Regresses in males; forms female genital structures.
D. Cloacal membrane Involved in perineal development, not gonadal.

Clinical MCQ 1

Question:
A 22-year-old male presents with acute scrotal pain and absent cremasteric reflex. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Epididymitis
B. Hydrocele
C. Testicular torsion
D. Inguinal hernia

Correct Answer Table

Answer Explanation
C. Testicular torsion Sudden pain and absent cremasteric reflex strongly suggest torsion, a urologic emergency.

Incorrect Answer Table

Option Reason Incorrect
A. Epididymitis Usually presents with gradual pain, normal reflex.
B. Hydrocele Painless fluid collection, not acute.
D. Inguinal hernia May cause bulge or discomfort but not isolated testicular pain.

Clinical MCQ 2

Question:
Which tumor marker is most specific for testicular yolk sac tumors?
A. AFP
B. LDH
C. PSA
D. hCG

Correct Answer Table

Answer Explanation
A. AFP Alpha-fetoprotein is elevated in yolk sac tumors and embryonal carcinoma.

Incorrect Answer Table

Option Reason Incorrect
B. LDH Non-specific, correlates with tumor burden.
C. PSA Marker for prostate, not testicular cancer.
D. hCG Elevated in choriocarcinoma and some seminomas, not yolk sac tumors.

Radiologic MCQ 1

Question:
Which imaging modality is most sensitive for diagnosing testicular torsion?
A. MRI
B. Ultrasound with Doppler
C. CT abdomen
D. Plain X-ray

Correct Answer Table

Answer Explanation
B. Ultrasound with Doppler Non-invasive and can assess perfusion in real-time; first-line tool in torsion.

Incorrect Answer Table

Option Reason Incorrect
A. MRI Used in soft tissue tumors, not ideal in acute scrotal emergencies.
C. CT abdomen Useful in staging tumors but not for acute scrotal pain.
D. X-ray Not useful in testicular pathologies.

Radiologic MCQ 2

Question:
Which feature on ultrasound most strongly suggests testicular malignancy?
A. Homogeneous echotexture
B. Anechoic fluid collection
C. Hypoechoic intratesticular mass
D. Increased vascularity in epididymis

Correct Answer Table

Answer Explanation
C. Hypoechoic intratesticular mass Solid hypoechoic mass within testis is suspicious for malignancy.

Incorrect Answer Table

Option Reason Incorrect
A. Homogeneous echotexture Suggests normal testis.
B. Anechoic fluid collection Indicates hydrocele, a benign condition.
D. Increased vascularity in epididymis Suggests epididymitis, not cancer.

Radiologic MCQ 3

Question:
Which imaging modality is used for staging testicular cancer after diagnosis?
A. Scrotal ultrasound
B. Chest X-ray
C. CT chest/abdomen/pelvis
D. MRI pelvis

Correct Answer Table

Answer Explanation
C. CT chest/abdomen/pelvis Standard for staging to assess for metastases.

Incorrect Answer Table

Option Reason Incorrect
A. Scrotal ultrasound Diagnostic, not used for staging.
B. Chest X-ray Less sensitive than CT.
D. MRI pelvis Not routinely used in staging testicular tumors.

6. Memory Image


Page 7 – Memory Image

Title Visual Metaphor of the Testes as a Factory
Element Interpretation
Twin factories Represent the paired testes
Conveyor belts Seminiferous tubules producing sperm
Smokestacks Testosterone release to the body
Central control tower Hypothalamic-pituitary axis
Broken belt Symbolizes infertility
Shutdown light Represents torsion or cancer
Caption
Image shows two side-by-side industrial factories symbolizing the testes. Conveyor belts inside depict sperm production, while smokestacks release testosterone, overseen by a central control tower representing hormonal regulation. Malfunctioning belts suggest infertility or disease.
Courtesy: AD AI – Modified AI image by Ashley Davidoff MD, TheCommonVein.com (140538.testes)
>
>

Challenge

2. Findings and Diagnosis

3. Clinical

4. Historical and Cultural

5. MCQs

6. Memory Image

Related Links

Google ImagesGoogleYouTubeWikipediaRadiopediaRadiographics
StatDx
UpToDateChatGPT

TCV

🠉
🠋